Nael al-Sharif is working on an extension to his property in the Jalazon refugee camp in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. But he is not building outwards -- instead he's expanding upwards.
In many of the Palestinian camps, which have evolved down the decades into densely populated areas teeming with narrow alleyways, families that cannot afford to buy new land simply add floors to existing property.
Sharif, 43, says his two-storey home is too small for his entire family of around 30 people, so he is looking to add another two floors.
"We're suffering from an enormous housing problem," he tells AFP.
"We're practically sleeping on top of each other -- my six sons share one single room, and me, my wife and two other children sleep in another.
"So we decided to build two more floors. I can't afford any more land outside the camp."
With growing concerns about safety in the ever-expanding camps, the UN agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA), has banned construction beyond two floors on foundations not designed to support tall buildings.
An UNRWA spokesman confirmed the prohibition, saying the agency does not provide aid to home owners who break the rule.
"Over the years, these camps have transformed from temporary 'tent cities' into hyper-congested masses of multi-storey buildings with narrow alleys, characterised by high concentrations of poverty and extreme overcrowding," the agency says on its website.
"The camps are considered to be among the densest urban environments in the world, but because camp structures were built for temporary use, over the decades the buildings have become overcrowded, critically substandard and in many cases life-threatening," UNRWA says.
But the ban has had little effect, with residents saying they have no choice but to look to the sky.
- More people, less land -
Jalazon, seven kilometres (4.5 miles) north of the West Bank city of Ramallah, is one of 18 UN-run refugee camps in the West Bank.
Established in 1949 on 25 hectares (62 acres) of land, it was originally home to 2,500 people.
Today, Jalazon's population numbers 14,000, officials at the camp say.
Located next to the Bet El Jewish settlement, it is the scene of near daily clashes between youngsters and Israeli troops with the army keeping a close eye on the camp's perimeter fence.
Although its population has grown, the camp has not. This has caused a severe housing shortage, prompting residents to build the only way they can -- upwards, in a chaotic fashion and without architectural input.
"Housing is a big problem here," says 60-year-old Khadija Dawud whose three-storey home is crammed with 63 family members.
"We can't buy land outside the camp because we can't afford it."
Mahmud Mubarak, who heads the local committee which runs Jalazon, confirms that people are building upwards because they cannot afford new land.
"In 1950, UNRWA built one room and a kitchen for each family of five, and two rooms and a kitchen for each family larger than that," he said.
"Population growth has been a massive problem, and properties have been extended in an unsafe way. But they have no choice."
Both UNRWA and the camp's local committee have warned about the growing height of buildings.
"This situation is dangerous for the camp's residents because building work is done unsafely, without architectural supervision, and on unstable foundations," Mubarak says.
"If there's no solution, the situation will get worse, and... the buildings will just get even higher."
- Began as tented camp -
UNRWA public information officer Nader Dagher told AFP that the lack of space coupled with population growth was a major concern.
"These camps began as tents on the ground. Most of the camps were built on less than half a square kilometre, and this is not sufficient to allow for natural population growth," Dagher says.
The 18 West Bank camps and one in Shuafat in annexed east Jerusalem collectively house around 220,000 people, UN figures show.
Established in territory that was then held by Jordan, they provided temporary accommodation for Palestinians who fled or were forced out of their homes during the war that accompanied Israel's establishment in 1948.
"We are truly concerned about the safety of people inside the camps, especially as some have built their houses looming over streets, and we are trying to discuss planning with local representatives," Dagher says.
He says expanding beyond the perimeters of the camps is not feasible since most were built alongside existing Palestinian towns and villages, near Jewish settlements or alongside the towering West Bank barrier.
"The solution is to have a comprehensive resolution of the refugee issue and not through a partial solution here or there."
Source: AFP